Layer: L6 Presentation · Build flags: PROTOCORE_ENABLE_JWT

What this example teaches

A client presents Authorization: Bearer <jwt>; the device verifies the token's HMAC-SHA-256 signature against a shared secret and reads claims from it. There are no sessions, no per-client state, and no heap - verification is a hash check. Only HS256 is supported (the deterministic, shared-secret choice for a constrained device).

Verify the signature. protocore_jwt_verify_bearer() checks the whole Authorization header against the secret. The full header is in req->authorization - JWTs exceed MAX_VAL_LEN, so the parser captures the authorization header whole when PROTOCORE_ENABLE_JWT is set:

if (!protocore_jwt_bearer_valid(req->authorization, (const uint8_t *)JWT_SECRET, strlen(JWT_SECRET))) {
    server.add_response_header(id, "WWW-Authenticate", "Bearer");
    server.send(id, 401, "text/plain", "invalid or missing token");
    return;
}

Authorize on a claim. Beyond "is it valid," you can gate on claims. Step past the "Bearer " scheme to get the bare token, then read a claim with protocore_jwt_claim_str() - here requiring role == admin (else 403):

const char *tok = req->authorization + 7;        // skip "Bearer "
while (*tok == ' ') tok++;
char role[16];
if (!protocore_jwt_claim_str(tok, strlen(tok), "role", role, sizeof(role)) || strcmp(role, "admin") != 0) {
    server.send(id, 403, "text/plain", "forbidden: admin role required");
    return;
}

For OAuth2-style space-separated scopes, protocore_jwt_scope_allows(scope, "telemetry:write") tests one scope within the scope claim (shown commented in the source).

Minting a token. Sign {"sub":...,"role":"admin","exp":...} with HS256 and the demo secret s3cr3t-key using any JWT library or jwt.io; the header comment includes a ready-made token to try.

Build and run

pio ci --board=esp32dev --project-option="framework=arduino" \
  --project-option="build_flags=-DPROTOCORE_ENABLE_JWT=1" \
  --lib="." examples/L6-Presentation/JWTAuth/JWTAuth.ino

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $T" http://<ip>/protected # 200 with a valid admin token

curl http://<ip>/protected # 401

Annotated source

The complete sketch (JWTAuth.ino), reproduced verbatim with added explanatory comments:

// Copyright (C) 2026 Douglas Quigg (dstroy0) <dquigg123@gmail.com>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 
#define PROTOCORE_ENABLE_JWT 1
 
#include "protocore.h"
#include "network_drivers/physical/physical/physical.h"
#include "services/security/jwt/jwt.h"
 
static const char *SSID = "YOUR_SSID";
static const char *PASSWORD = "YOUR_PASSWORD";
 
// DEMO shared secret - the issuer signs tokens with this; keep it secret in production.
static const char *JWT_SECRET = "s3cr3t-key";
 
PC server;
 
static void protected_handler(uint8_t id, HttpReq *req)
{
    // req->authorization holds the FULL Authorization header (JWTs exceed
    // MAX_VAL_LEN; the parser captures it whole when PROTOCORE_ENABLE_JWT is set).
    if (!protocore_jwt_bearer_valid(req->authorization, (const uint8_t *)JWT_SECRET, strlen(JWT_SECRET)))
    {
        server.add_response_header(id, "WWW-Authenticate", "Bearer");
        server.send(id, 401, "text/plain", "invalid or missing token");
        return;
    }
 
    // Granular authorization from a token claim. protocore_jwt_claim_str / protocore_jwt_scope_allows
    // take the bare token, so step past the "Bearer " scheme first.
    const char *tok = req->authorization + 7;
    while (*tok == ' ')
        tok++;
    char role[16];
    if (!protocore_jwt_claim_str(tok, strlen(tok), "role", role, sizeof(role)) || strcmp(role, "admin") != 0)
    {
        server.send(id, 403, "text/plain", "forbidden: admin role required");
        return;
    }
    // For OAuth2 space-separated scopes, gate on the "scope" claim instead:
    //   char scope[64];
    //   if (protocore_jwt_claim_str(tok, strlen(tok), "scope", scope, sizeof(scope)) &&
    //       protocore_jwt_scope_allows(scope, "telemetry:write")) { ... }
 
    server.send(id, 200, "text/plain", "welcome admin - your token is valid");
}
 
void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(115200);
 
    Physical.wifi->init(SSID, PASSWORD);
    Serial.print("Connecting to WiFi");
    while (!Physical.wifi->ready())
    {
        delay(250);
        Serial.print('.');
    }
    uint32_t ip = Physical.link->egress_ip(); // library egress IP (network byte order), no Arduino WiFi
    Serial.printf("IP: %u.%u.%u.%u\n", (unsigned)(ip & 0xFF), (unsigned)((ip >> 8) & 0xFF),
                  (unsigned)((ip >> 16) & 0xFF), (unsigned)((ip >> 24) & 0xFF));
 
    server.on("/protected", HttpMethod::HTTP_GET, protected_handler);
    server.on("/", HttpMethod::HTTP_GET, [](uint8_t id, HttpReq *) { server.send(id, 200, "text/plain", "public"); });
 
    int32_t result = server.begin(80);
    if (result < 0)
        Serial.printf("begin() failed (error %d)\n", result);
    else
        Serial.println("JWT-protected server on :80 (GET /protected with a Bearer token)");
}
 
void loop()
{
    server.handle();
}